6/13/2023 0 Comments Motion sickness![]() Sine qua non for developing motion sickness is exposure to a real or illusory motion stimulus ( 2). ![]() Notably, there is a strong association between the susceptibility to motion sickness and migraine ( 22– 29). Susceptibility to motion sickness varies considerably among subjects ( 14– 19), whereby genetic factors and age play an important role ( 20, 21). However, motion sickness can be provoked or aggravated by active head movements in the presence of passive motion ( 8– 12), considerably hindering the quality of travel.ĭepending on its severity, the syndrome of motion sickness consists of various combinations of the following signs and symptoms: drowsiness, dizziness, discomfort, restiveness, repetitive yawning, stomach awareness, nausea, pallor, sweating, headache, malaise, bradycardia, arterial hypotension vomiting, and apathy ( 2, 12, 13). As the time spent on transport systems occupies a considerable part of daily life, travelers normally perform a variety of activities while being transported, leading to various active head movements during passive motion. Because passive motion (car, bus, train, and plane) and illusion of passive motion (video games on large screens, 3D movies, and virtual reality) are now abundant in modern life, motion sickness has become a frequent problem ( 3– 8). The first considerations on motion sickness known to us date back more than 2000 years, when the Greek physician Hippocrates observed that “sailing on the seas proves that motion disorders the body.” In those ancient times, boats provided one of the only few forms of passive motion to which individuals were exposed. ![]() Illusions of such passive self-motion, as induced by moving visual surrounds, may also produce this condition ( 2). Motion sickness ( 1, 2) is a syndrome elicited in healthy subjects by ongoing passive self-motion that contains certain dynamic and kinematic properties (see Properties of Nauseogenic Stimuli). This review focuses on vestibular-only motion sickness, listing the relevant motion stimuli, clarifying the sensory signals involved, and framing them in the context of the current theories. So far, this general audience struggles to take advantage of the solid basis provided by existing theories and models. Readers unfamiliar with the topic, but studying a condition that may involve motion sickness, can therefore have difficulties to understand why a specific stimulus will induce motion sickness. Several reviews focused on one of these aspects however, the link between specific nauseogenic stimuli and the unifying theories and models is often not clearly detailed. A multitude of studies has been performed in the last decades, substantiating different nauseogenic stimuli, studying their specific characteristics, proposing unifying theories, and testing possible countermeasures. The motion can be either real, and therefore perceived by the vestibular system, or illusory, as in the case of visual illusion. Motion sickness is a common disturbance occurring in healthy people as a physiological response to exposure to motion stimuli that are unexpected on the basis of previous experience. ![]() Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.Giovanni Bertolini* and Dominik Straumann ![]()
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